Python Programming

8.1 OOP Basics

• Object-oriented programming (面向对象编程) is one of the most effective approaches to writing software.

• Python has been an object-oriented language since it existed. Because of this, creating and using classes and objects are downright easy.

• Understanding object-oriented programming will help you see the world as a programmer does. It'll help you really know your code, not just what's happening line by line, but also the bigger concepts behind it.

• Creating and Using a Class (类)

class Dog():
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age

    def sit(self):
        print(f"{self.name.title()} is now sitting.")

    def roll_over(self):
        print(f" {self.name.title()} rolled over!")

• By convention, capitalized names refer to classes in Python.

• A function that's part of a class is a method (方法).

• The __init__() method is a special method Python runs automatically whenever we create a new instance (实例) based on the Dog class.

• Variables that are accessible through instances like this are called attributes (属性).

• Working with Classes and Instances

class Car():
    def __init__(self, make, model, year):
        self.make = make
        self.model = model
        self.year = year
        self.odometer_reading = 0

    def get_descriptive_name(self):
        long_name=f"{self.year} {self.make}\
                 {self.model}"
        return long_name.title()

    def read_odometer(self):
        print(f"This car has\
            {self.odometer_reading}\
             miles on it.")

my_new_car = Car('audi', 'a4', 2016)
print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())
my_new_car.read_odometer()

2016 Audi A4
This car has 0 miles on it.

8.2 Inheritance, Polymorphism

• You don't always have to start from scratch when writing a class. If the class you're writing is a specialized version of another class you wrote, you can use inheritance.

• When one class inherits from another, it automatically takes on all the attributes and methods of the first class.

• The original class is called the parent class, and the new class is the child class. The child class inherits every attribute and method from its parent class but is also free to define new attributes and methods of its own.

8.3 Special Methods, Import Class

• The precise definition of dir() is that it lists the methods and attributes of a Python object.

>>> stuff = list()
>>> dir(stuff)
['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__',
'__delitem__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__',
'__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__',
'__gt__', '__hash__', '__iadd__', '__imul__', '__init__',
'__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__mul__',
'__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__',
'__repr__', '__reversed__', '__rmul__', '__setattr__',
'__setitem__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__',
'append', 'clear', 'copy', 'count', 'extend', 'index',
'insert', 'pop', 'remove', 'reverse', 'sort']

• Everything in Python is an object.

stuff = []
stuff.append('python')
stuff.append('chuck')
stuff.sort()

print(stuff[0])
print(stuff.__getitem__(0))
print(list.__getitem__(stuff,0))

chuck
chuck
chuck

• Actually, the class you create inherits the "object" class.

• Classes can intercept Python Operators

class Dog():
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
    def __str__(self):
        return f"Dog's name is {self.name}."


my_dog = Dog('willie', 6)
print(dir(my_dog))

['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__',
 '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', 
 '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__',
 '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 
'age', 'name']

• __str__

class Dog():
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age

my_dog = Dog('willie', 6)
print(my_dog)

<__main__.Dog object at 0x053A3750>

class Dog():
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
    def __str__(self):
        return self.name  

my_dog = Dog('willie', 6)
print(my_dog)

willie

• __doc__, __name__, __module__, __bases__

class Dog():
    "This is about dog class."
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age

print(Dog.__doc__)
print(Dog.__name__)
print(Dog.__module__)
print(Dog.__bases__)

This is about dog class.
Dog
__main__
(<class 'object'>,)

class Dog():
    "This is about dog class."
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
class Husky(Dog):
    pass

print(Husky.__bases__)

(<class '__main__.Dog'>,)

• Importing a Single Class

• Save your Car class in a python file: car.py

from car import Car

my_new_car = Car('audi', 'a4', 2016)
print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())

my_new_car.odometer_reading = 23
my_new_car.read_odometer()

2016 Audi A4
This car has 23 miles on it.

• Storing Multiple Classes in a Module

• You can store as many classes as you need in a single module, although each class in a module should be related somehow.

from car import ElectricCar

my_tesla = ElectricCar('tesla', 'model s', 2016)

print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name())

2016 Tesla Model S

• Importing Multiple Classes from a Module

from car import Car, ElectricCar

my_beetle = Car('volkswagen', 'beetle', 2016)
print(my_beetle.get_descriptive_name())

my_tesla = ElectricCar('tesla', 'roadster', 2016)
print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name())

2016 Volkswagen Beetle
2016 Tesla Roadster

• Importing a Module into a Module

• car.py

class Car():
...

• electric_car.py

from car import Car

class Battery():
...

class ElectricCar(Car):
...

• my_cars.py

from car import Car
from electric_car import ElectricCar

Summary of OOP

• Three Features of OOP

  Encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism

• Everything in Python is object.

• Process-oriented programming (POP)

  Object-oriented Programming (OOP)

Summary

• OOP
• Reading: Python Crash Course, Chapter 9